贫困一直是困扰人类发展的重大难题，消除贫困已成为当今世界面临的最大全球性挑战之一。近日，清华大学公共管理学院教授、巴西前旅游部部长Alessandro Golombiewski Teixeira在China Daily上发表文章，结合自己在福建省下党村、广西壮族自治区巴马瑶族自治县等地的探访经历，讲述中国脱贫攻坚的举措、成效与启示意义。

福 鑫

(Alessandro Golombiewski Teixeira）

清华大学公共管理学院教授、巴西前旅游部部长

China\'s success in fighting poverty

offers lesson for all

下党村鸟瞰图（新华社）

Poverty is a problem that has long plagued the world. It is a product of increasing economic production without wealth redistribution. With the expansion of capitalism, poverty alleviation has emerged as one of humanity\'s greatest challenges.

贫困是一个长期困扰世界的问题，它是随着经济不断增长和财富再分配失灵而产生的。

随着资本主义的扩张，扶贫已经成为人类面临的最大挑战之一。

To find ways to address this issue, I began 10 years ago to look at poverty eradication and rural revitalization in China.

为了寻找脱贫良策，我从10年前便开始关注中国扶贫以及乡村振兴的途径及方法。

Since reform and opening-up, China has lifted about 770 million people out of poverty according to the current standard of the United Nations, accounting for over 70 percent of the global total during this period. From the end of 1978 to the end of 2019, the number of people living in poverty in China dropped from about 770 million to 5.51 million, with nearly 19 million people lifted out of poverty each year on average. The incidence of poverty fell from 97.5 percent to 0.6 percent in this period.

按照联合国现行标准，中国自改革开放以来已累计减贫7.7亿人，占同期全球减贫人口总数的70%以上。从1978年底到2019年底，中国贫困人口数由7.7亿减少到551万，平均每年有近1900万人实现脱贫，全国贫困发生率也由97.5%下降到0.6%。

China chose to target the problem of poverty by centering its policies on human development and the promotion of an ecological civilization, rural revitalization and rural-urban integration. The most distinctive feature of China\'s poverty reduction practice is the State\'s direction of the social economy. This contrasts sharply with the neoliberal development framework and is endemic to China\'s development experience. The Chinese government has invested significant human and financial resources in poverty reduction initiatives and has made the fight against hunger and poverty a priority task.

中国解决贫困问题的核心政策是，聚焦人类发展、促进生态文明、推动乡村振兴和城乡一体化。国家层面对社会经济的引导和扶持是中国扶贫实践中最鲜明的特点。这与一些其他国家的新自由主义发展框架形成了鲜明的对比，是具有中国特色的发展模式。中国政府在扶贫行动中投入了大量的人力和财力，将消除饥饿和贫困作为一项首要任务来抓。

Since 2017, Chinese governments at all levels have sent some 775,000 civil servants to poor villages to support local governments in implementing poverty reduction measures and to monitor progress. In 2019, the central government provided about 126 billion yuan ($19.8 billion) in subsidies for poverty alleviation.

中国各级政府已累计选派数十万名干部驻村帮扶，支持当地开展脱贫攻坚。仅2019年一年，中央财政专项扶贫资金就投入了1260亿元。

I moved to China four years ago, and during my time living in China, I have seen for myself the daily changes in the cities and witnessed the rapid development of China\'s economy and society. I was even more surprised by the integration process of China\'s urban and rural areas, which are full of vitality under the policy of poverty eradication and rural revitalization.

我于四年前来到中国，在中国生活的这段时间里，我亲眼目睹了城市日新月异的变化，见证了中国经济和社会的飞速发展。更让我惊讶的是，在消除贫困、乡村振兴的政策下，中国的城乡一体化进程充满活力。

I have visited 27 provinces in China and have been invited by local governments to learn and to help with development issues. However, two experiences stand out. The first was in the Bama Yao autonomous county in the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, the second was Xiadang village in Fujian province.

我到访过中国的27个省份，受当地政府邀请考察了解扶贫情况，协助解决发展问题。其中在两个地方的经历令我记忆犹新：一个是广西壮族自治区的巴马瑶族自治县，另一个是福建省寿宁县下党村。

In the Bama Yao autonomous county, I was invited to give advice on the development of the local tourism industry. The county is known as the "hometown of longevity" and is the core area of the Bama Longevity and Health International Tourism Zone in Guangxi.

我曾应邀为广西巴马瑶族自治县的旅游业发展出谋划策。当地是著名的“长寿之乡”，以自身为品牌，建立起了巴马长寿养生国际旅游区。

In the process of promoting poverty alleviation, Bama Yao gives full play to the advantages of its local culture and tourism resources and has taken many measures to develop its tourism industry, achieving remarkable results in poverty alleviation through tourism. Renshou Lodge, one of the key scenic spots, has attracted an annual average of more than 300,000 visitors in recent years. More than 40 households participate in the development of the lodge in the form of sharing land, for which they get dividends, and the lodge provides employment for more than 300 villagers.

在推进扶贫开发的过程中，该县充分发挥当地文化和旅游资源优势，采取多项措施发展旅游产业，旅游扶贫取得了显著成效。当地的主要景点之一，巴马仁寿乡舍近年来年均接待游客30多万人次。40多户当地农民以土地入股参与乡舍开发，分享收益，还有300多名村民依靠乡舍实现就业。

In Xiadang village, I was invited to host a documentary on poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. I had the opportunity to interact with local officials and local residents, visited emerging industries and saw the way in which collaboration between the central government, provincial governments, municipalities, communities and companies can improve people\'s lives.

而在福建下党村，我应邀在一部讲述该村扶贫和乡村振兴的纪录片中担任主持人，这让我有机会同当地干部群众有了更加密切的接触。我参观考察了当地的新兴产业，见证了中央、省、市各级政府、基层社区和社会企业等各方如何协调合作，改善人民生活水平。

The cooperation was done with a sense of responsibility and demonstrated how focused integration and modern technology can give good results. I came to understand and appreciate the resilience of the local people, who only got electricity and potable water in the 1990s.

下党村的扶贫体现出了各方的责任感，展现出了“集中力量办大事”和现代技术对乡村振兴的助力。这段经历让我更加了解并由衷地钦佩当地人民那种坚韧不拔的精神——要知道，他们直到上世纪90年代才用上电，喝上安全卫生的饮用水。

China\'s poverty reduction strategy is worthy of reference for the majority of developing countries. In the process of poverty reduction, the Chinese government has had a clear overall plan and strategic direction. It has insisted that economic and social development go hand in hand, stimulating economic vitality while insisting on promoting science and technology, education and other development means to revitalize villages and poor areas.

中国的扶贫战略值得广大发展中国家借鉴。在顶层设计上，中国政府有着明确的总体规划和战略方向，坚持经济社会同步发展，在激发经济活力的同时，坚持以科技扶贫、教育扶贫等发展手段振兴乡村和贫困地区。

At the level of implementation, China has carried out a policy of precise poverty alleviation, with those involved in poverty alleviation working very carefully to formulate poverty alleviation plans based on specific situations, and using advanced technologies such as big data to enhance the management of funds.

而在具体执行层面，中国实施精准扶贫政策，各扶贫单位因地制宜地制定扶贫攻坚方案，运用大数据等先进技术加强资金管理。

China\'s practice of eradicating poverty is not just of benefit to developing countries, but also to developed countries as well. As inequality increasingly becomes a social issue, there will be growing resistance to poverty reduction. The agenda of poverty reduction involves the realignment of interests and the allocation of resources and requires a broad and substantial political consensus.

中国的扶贫经验不仅值得发展中国家学习，即使在发达国家，不平等现象也日益成为一个重大的社会问题，减贫的障碍将越来越大。减贫议程涉及利益的重新调整和资源的再分配，需要广泛而实质的政治协商，达成一致意见。

As the pandemic continues to severely test the world\'s resilience, the future interests of all nations need to be more closely linked to face the challenges that the pandemic continues to pose and to help the millions of people that have been pushed into poverty in recent years. Though the actual situation varies from country to country, China\'s precise poverty alleviation and bottom-up approach to poverty alleviation can still provide valuable and inspiring experience for other countries.

当下，全球新冠肺炎疫情严峻，持续考验全球的复苏韧性。各国都应当着眼于未来的共同利益，更加紧密地团结在一起，并肩面对疫情挑战，帮助因疫情陷入贫困的人。尽管各国的实际情况不尽相同，但中国自下而上、精准扶贫的实践经验仍可以为其他国家提供宝贵的、具有启发性的经验借鉴。

来源 | China Daily

编辑 | 发展办

编辑：葛格